Elizaveta Litvinova was the second woman to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics. A competent mathematician, she was denied the possibility to teach and research at high levels in Russia. She was a friend of Sofia Kovalevskaya and wrote a biography of her and of other mathematicians. She also wrote around 70 articles on teaching mathematics.
Emma Castelnuovo was an Italian mathematician known for her contributions to mathematics education.
Ruth Moufang studied projective planes, introducing Moufang planes and non-associative systems called Moufang loops.
Agnes Scott graduated from Edinburgh University in 1917. She went on to teach at Raffles’ Girls School in Singapore.
Alicia Boole Stott was a daughter of George Boole who made some discoveries in four-dimensional geometry.
Annie Scott Dill Maunder was a Northern Irish astronomer and mathematician who studied the mathematical tripos at Cambridge then worked at the Royal Observatory Greenwich. She was the first to find evidence of the movement of sunspot emergence from the poles toward the equator over the sun’s 11-year cycle.
Ida Rhodes was born in the Ukraine but emigrated to the United States as a teenager. She studied mathematics and had a variety of jobs before joining the Mathematical Tables Project in New York City. She did important work on the development of computers.
Maryna Viazovska is a Ukrainian mathematician who is professor at the Chair of Number Theory at the Institute of Mathematics of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland. She solved the sphere-packing problem in dimension 8 and, in collaboration with others, the sphere-packing problem in dimension 24.
Svetlana Jitomirskaya is a Ukranian-born American mathematician who is known for her work on dynamical systems and mathematical physics.
Irmgard Flügge-Lotz worked on numerical methods for solving differential equations especially in fluid dynamics.