Born: 3 September 1935, Zimbabwe
Died: 23 February 2019
Country most active: South Africa, Zambia
Also known as: Dorothy Masuka
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
Dorothy Masuku: Africa has lost a singer, composer and a hero of the struggle
Gwen Ansell, University of Pretoria
Dorothy Masuku (Masuka was her stage name) has died at the age of 83. She was an African musician of note, but also much more.
I was once shown the script for a biopic purporting to tell the early story of the late singer. It was highly professional, but a shallow, deeply patriarchal thing in which Masuku’s pioneering work as a composer, her acute and precocious political consciousness and proud pan-Africanism were sidelined in favour of a narrative of affairs and flirtations.
The sidelining continued. Masuku was not simply the “jazz singer” many newscasts have labelled her, although she certainly was that too. And she certainly had a life worthy of a serious biopic.
Yes, Masuku was a singer. But she was so much more: a composer, a hero of the struggle, and an architect of the discourse of popular African liberation music.
Her early years
Masuku was born in Bulawayo in then Rhodesia in 1935. Her father was a chef, originally from Zambia, but her mother, Liza Mafuyani, was a Zulu-speaking South African whose family originated from the province of KwaZulu-Natal, and whose sister lived in Soweto.
Her maternal grandmother had been a sangoma. Masuku spoke later of the spiritual sources of inspiration for her songs. They often came to her in dreams, and she would immediately sing them to somebody else in the house, so that elusive memory was captured.
The young Dorothy moved to live with her aunt in South Africa in 1947, aged 12, when, on health grounds – she had asthma – she was enrolled at St Thomas Convent School in Johannesburg. There, she joined the school choir and her talent was immediately spotted.
She was signed to the Troubadour record label in her early teens after impressive performances at her school concerts. She worked with the greatest bands of the period.
Historical narratives of jazz in that era focus on the solidarity among male musicians. But when Masuku spoke of those days at a recent panel discussion, she revealed a different story. There were links and solidarities among women musicians, from her tuition in Yiddish lyrics with actress Sarah Sylvia to the protection from male predation that she, as one of the youngest performers, was given by the older women on those tours.
Major hit status
During her teens, Masuku composed and recorded close to 30 singles, several of which achieved major hit status. In the mid 1950s, Zonk music magazine opined that the only artist who was outselling Masuku in South Africa was American crooner Bing Crosby. She later wryly noted that the rewards were never commensurate. She’d be bought a dress, or given “spending money” for her work, never a contract, wage or royalties.
Masuku wrote and recorded in Zimbabwe, and also in multiple other African languages in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia. Her work was also performed by other South African artists in exile, notably Miriam Makeba. Because of the fragmented, semi-formal nature of the African recording industry in the 20th Century, no complete discography of all her credits exists, but it is likely the total of her compositions in all African languages exceeds 100.
It was the radical spirit of Masuku’s songwriting that led to her long years of exile. Under apartheid black South Africans were notoriously forced to carry a range of documents on their person. Masuku’s song from 1957, Zono Zam, was recorded during the anti-pass campaign:
It’s so hard in this world: Lord, help us to be free.
Two of her other songs, Dr Malan (“…has difficult laws”), named after Prime Minister, DF Malan, who lead the National Party with its policy of apartheid, to power in 1948, and Lumumba (speculating about who murdered the Congolese anti-colonial leader, Patrice Lumumba so infuriated the South African police’s notorious Special Branch that they seized and destroyed the master tapes. No copies can now be found.
Dr Malan was the first South African song by any artist – let alone a young woman not long out of school, and not yet 20 – to call out an apartheid minister by name.
Masuku clearly and explicitly identified herself with African nationalist liberation struggles. After travelling across Africa, she was moved by the ANC to London. She performed at the London Palladium, for BBC-TV, and in various shows with musicians Sir John Dankworth and Cleo Laine.
Later, she spent a brief period back in then Rhodesia, fleeing again to Zambia ahead of Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith’s Special Branch. She spent 16 years in Zambia, performing and earning a living as an air hostess – pioneering that career as an elegant, intelligent independent woman with one of the earliest independent African airlines.
Persona non grata
During her 31 years of exile, she was repeatedly refused entry to South Africa by the apartheid authorities, having been declared persona non grata.
She returned only in 1992 and immediately began performing and composing new material, something she continued to do to the end of her life. She recorded four further original albums, as well as releasing a collection of much of her historic material, Hamba Nontsokolo.
Masuku featured in all South Africa’s major jazz festivals. Two years ago, she starred in the New York Town Hall concert commemorating the Jazz Epistles alongside Abdullah Ibrahim and Ekaya.
She was always a compelling performer, and never failed to draw standing ovations. I once stood behind her in a bank queue on a sweltering day. Joining the rest of us in loudly complaining about the intolerable temperatures, she ended her contribution to the chat with a short, mesmerising single chorus of It’s Too Darn Hot.
Music was her life
The last time I met her, last year, she was animatedly discussing buying a new home. She wanted trees and birdsong around her to create a peaceful space for yet more composition.
Music, she told South Africa’s public broadcaster, was like breathing for her: it was her life. A stroke late last year took her out of public life, and she died on 23 February 2019.
Hamba Kahle: may her great spirit rest in peace.
Gwen Ansell, Associate of the Gordon Institute for Business Science, University of Pretoria
The following, “Dorothy Masuka,” is republished from South African History Online in line with the SAHO Copyright, Disclaimer & Privacy policy.
Dorothy Masuka was born and raised in Bulawayo, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), in 1935. Her father was originally from Zambia, and her mother, Liza Mafuyani, was originally from Natal (now the Province of KwaZulu-Natal).
Her maternal grandmother had been a sangoma. Masuka spoke later of the spiritual sources of inspiration for her songs that often came to her in dreams. She would immediately sing them to somebody else in the house, so that elusive memory was captured.
Masuka moved to live with her aunt in South Africa in 1947, aged 12 and was enrolled at St Thomas Convent School in Johannesburg. There, she joined the school choir and her talent was immediately spotted.
A talent scout discovered her when she sang in a school concert and immediately she signed up at Troubadour Records. By the time she was sixteen, Masuka had become a top recording star and after running away from school several times, she was released. She left for Johannesburg by train and it was during this journey that she composed the song HambaNontsokolo that launched her career as a professional musician and has since been regarded as a classic in South Africa.
During her teens, Masuka composed and recorded close to 30 singles, several of which achieved major hit status. Her status as top pin-up and glamour girl in South Africa soon started to pose as a challenge to the likes of Dolly Rathebe, and she became the principal star in Alf Herbert’s African Jazz and Variety show. A lot of Masuka’s performances were as a soloist accompanied by close-harmony groups and other big bands that featured in the 1950s. By composing her own songs that were inspired by events occurring in the South African townships in the 1950s, she provided a lot of insight into socio-political issues of township life. It was as result of this commentary that she left South Africa abruptly. It was the radical spirit of Masuka’s song writing that led to her long years of exile.
Two of her other songs, Dr Malan (“…has difficult laws”), named after Prime Minister, DF Malan, who lead the National Party with its policy of apartheid, to power in 1948, and Lumumba (speculating about who murdered the Congolese anti-colonial leader, Patrice Lumumba so infuriated the South African police’s notorious Special Branch that they seized and destroyed the master tapes. No copies can now be found.
In 1961 she travelled to Malawi and Tanzania and through her musical talents she became the champion of the independence cause in Africa. She then travelled to London and stayed in Kensington, but people in the United Kingdom (U.K.) were not interested in African music. She performed whenever possible and played at the London Palladium and at Wimbledon, after this stint she returned to Zimbabwe. Masuka’s life was threatened while living in Zimbabwe as a result of her political affiliations. She fled to Zambia. Her work was also performed by other South African artists in exile, notably Miriam Makeba. No complete discography of all her credits exists, but it is likely the total of her compositions in all African languages exceeds 100.
In Zambia Masuka’s musical career took a backseat and she worked as an air hostess, while raising a family. After sixteen years in exile she returned to Zimbabwe in 1981, after the country attained its independence.
She became a professional singer once again and only returned to South Africa in 1992, after the release of Nelson Mandela.
On 23 February 2019, Dorothy Masuka passed away in Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, due to ill health.