Elizabeth Palmer Peabody - Infinite Women

Born: 16 May 1804, United States
Died: 31 January 1894
Country most active: United States
Also known as: NA

The following is republished from the Library of Congress. This piece falls under under public domain, as copyright does not apply to “any work of the U.S. Government” where “a work prepared by an officer or employee of the U.S. Government as part of that person’s official duties” (See, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101, 105).

Elizabeth Palmer Peabody (1804-1894), the educator who opened the first English-language kindergarten in the United States, was born on May 16, 1804, in Billerica, Massachusetts. Long before most educators, Peabody embraced the premise that children’s play has intrinsic developmental and educational value.

Peabody was a teacher, writer, and prominent figure in the Transcendental movement, editing The Dial, the chief literary publication of the movement, for two years, beginning in 1841. From 1834-36, she worked as assistant teacher to Bronson Alcott at his experimental Temple School in Boston.

After the school closed, Peabody published Record of a School, outlining the plan of the school and Alcott’s philosophy of early childhood education, which had drawn on German models. When she opened her kindergarten in 1860—the first formally organized kindergarten in the United States–she was inspired by German educators such as Friedrich Fröbel, a pioneer in the provision of formal schooling for children younger than six.

Through her own kindergarten, and as editor of the Kindergarten Messenger (1873-77), Peabody helped establish kindergarten as an accepted institution in U.S. education. She also wrote numerous books in support of the cause.

The extent of her influence is apparent in a statement submitted to Congress on February 12, 1897, in support of free kindergartens:
“The advantage to the community in utilizing the age from 4 to 6 in training the hand and eye; in developing the habits of cleanliness, politeness, self-control, urbanity, industry; in training the mind to understand numbers and geometric forms, to invent combinations of figures and shapes, and to represent them with the pencil—these and other valuable lessons…will, I think, ultimately prevail in securing to us the establishment of this beneficent institution in all the city school systems of our country.”

The following is excerpted from Famous Women: An Outline of Feminine Achievement Through the Ages With Life Stories of Five Hundred Noted Women. Written by Joseph Adelman, published 1926 by Ellis M Lonow Company.

Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, an American writer and educator. She engaged in teaching at sixteen and later studied Greek under Emerson.
After having been an assistant at A. Bronson Alcott’s School, the best account of which is probably her Record of Mr. Alcott’s School, she was for a time secretary to William Ellery Channing.
Having become interested in the educational methods of Froebel, she visited Germany in 1867 for the purpose of study the method, and it was largely through her efforts that the first public kindergarten in the United States was established in Boston in 1870.
Among her publications are: First Steps in History, Crimes of the House of Austria, Reminiscences of Dr. Channing and Kindergarten Culture.

The following is excerpted from Representative Women of New England, published in 1904. It was written by Mary H. Graves.

Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, educator and author, was born in Billerica, Mass., May 16, 1804, daughter of Dr. Nathaniel Peabody and his wife, Elizabeth Palmer. She was the eldest of three notable sisters, of whom in her latest years she was the sole survivor. The one nearest her in age was Mary Tyler, born in Cambridge in 1806, who married Horace Mann; and the other was Sophia Amelia, who became the wife of Nathaniel Hawthorne.

The father, Nathaniel Peabody, a lineal descendant of Francis Peabody, of Topsfield, the immigrant progenitor of the family of this name in New England, was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1800. For some years, later in life, he practised dentistry in Salem and Boston. He married in 1802 Elizabeth Palmer, who had been preceptress of the girls’ department of an incorporated school in North Andover, Mass., of which he was the principal, the school in 1803 being named Franklin Academy. A “lady of rare gifts and attainments,” Miss Palmer was a successful teacher, winning the respect and affection of her pupils and inciting in them a love of learning. She was the daughter of Joseph Pearse and Elizabeth (Hunt) Palmer and grand-daughter of General Joseph Palmer of Revolutionary times, who with his wife Mary, sister of Judge Richard Cranch, came to Boston from Devonshire, England, in 1746. Her maternal grandfather was John Hunt, of Watertown (Harvard College, 1734), whose son, Samuel Hunt, her uncle, was for about thirty years master of the Boston Latin School. Joseph Pearse Palmer (Harvard College, 1771) was one of the Boston Tea Party in December, 1773, and he also served his country in the Revolution. Some years after the close of the war he removed to Framingham, where he taught school. He died in Vermont in 1797, seven years before the birth of the grand-daughter whose name heads the present sketch. After his death his wife and children resided in Watertown.

Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, descended from this worthy, patriotic, and scholarly ancestry, was a precocious child, early displaying unusual mental abilities and a fondness for study. At the age of sixteen she began to teach school in Lancaster. She subsequently taught successively in Hallowell, Me., in Brookline, Mass., with her sister Mary, and in Boston. She was acquainted with a number of languages, ancient and modern, learning Polish when she was well advanced in years; and she excelled as a teacher of history, in which she had classes. In September, 1834, Mr. A. Bronson Alcott opened his school at the Masonic Temple, Boston. His diary thus mentions his assistant: “Miss Peabody, whose reputation both as regards original and acquired ability is high: she unites intellectual and practical qualities of no common order.”

Miss Peabody’s great work, begun after she was fifty years old, was as an interpreter of Froebel’s system of education and introducer of the kindergarten into this country.

For about ten years (1840–50) she kept at the family home, 13 West Street, Boston, a shop for the sale of foreign books and journals, and a circulating library, the place becoming for the time a “centre of the finest intellectual culture.” Here were held some of Margaret Fuller’s conversations.

Miss Peabody was a contributor to the Christian Examiner, the Dial, Barnard’s Journal of Education, and other periodicals. Among her books were (not to make an exhaustive list of the works of her pen): “Moral Self-education,” translated from the French, 1828; “First Steps in History”; “Key to Hebrew History”; also “Keys to Grecian and to Roman History,” 1833; “Record of a School” (Mr. Alcott’s), 1835 (third edition, revised, 1874); with Mrs. Mann, “Moral Culture of Infancy” and “Kindergarten Guide,” of which after her visit to Europe she issued early in the seventies a revised edition; “Reminiscences of William E. Channing, D.D.”; and “A Last Evening with Allston.”

Mrs. Mann, besides being a writer on educational topics and a translator, was the author of “A Physiological Cook-book,” “Flower People,” “Life of Horace Mann,” and “Juanita, a Romance of Real Life in Cuba.”

Toward the close of her life Elizabeth Peabody became blind. She died in Jamaica Plain, January 3, 1894, in her ninetieth year.

On May 2, 1904, two weeks before the one hundredth anniversary of her birth, at meeting of the New England Women’s Club, of which she had been a valued member, heart-felt tribute in the form of letters and addresses of some length was paid to her memory by Mrs. Howe, president of the club, Mrs. Cheney, Colonel Higginson, Dr. Hale, and others who had known her long and well.

Mrs. Howe, after speaking of her as one who “recognized everywhere the beauty and glory of existence,” said: “I cannot remember ever to have known any one who carried through life so much of this serene atmosphere, the result of high aspirations, genuine culture, and sweet humanity. Her nature was very expansive and her life full of benevolent activity . . . She helped Margaret Fuller to arrange her first conversations in Boston. She espoused the cause of the Pole, the Hungarian, the Indian. She was the devoted friend of Kossuth’s sister. Whom has she not befriended when they most needed a friend? Her declining years were followed with love and gratitude.” Mrs. Cheney alluded to the fact that in her old age Elizabeth Palmer Peabody was often spoken of as “the grandmother of Boston,” and added: “She was rightly named if the constant outflow of her warm heart to every one with all manner of loving feelings and helpful deeds and the best of all instructions to the children of every age in the city of her love could entitle her to this distinction. . . . Her large and varied reading filled her mind with stores of history, poetry, and philosophy. She gathered special advantage from the hobbies into which she entered with all her heart for the time. Out of them she gained always something rich and rare.

“She certainly had not the reputation of being a practical person. She was too readily interested in every scheme that offered good to the human race, too credulous of any individual who sought her help or comfort. In trying times her unselfish help, her advice, her sympathy, were all fruitful of good results which had seemed hopeless to less believing and ardent natures.

“Goethe says, ‘All philosophy must be lived and loved.’ Such was the spirit in which Elizabeth P. Peabody spent her ninety years in constant service to mankind.”