Dr Frieda Robscheit-Robbins

The 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to three men—George Whipple, George Richards Minot, and William P. Murphy—for their research into the use of liver tissue in treatment of pernicious anaemia. Frieda Robscheit-Robbins, who had co-authored twenty-one papers with Whipple (almost his entire body of published work) on the topic, was left out.

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Geneviève Thiroux d’Arconville

A novelist and scientist, her efforts went beyond translation of English works into her native French—she also added her own commentary, which pushed her writing from the acceptable to the unacceptable for women of the 1700s, particularly given her interest in the sciences.

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Guirandana de Lay

Executed in 1461, Spanish healer Guirandana de Lay was a typical example of a witch hunt victim, who were often used as scapegoats for illness and other woes.

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Dr Marian Diamond

Marian Diamond is considered one of the founders of modern neuroscience, not least for her experimental discovery of brain plasticity—the fact that the brain physically changes with experience.

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Marian Farquharson

In 1885, Marian Farquharson was elected as the first female fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society—but as a woman she was still prohibited from actually attending any meetings or voting on society matters.

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Marian Koshland

Immunologist Marian Koshland is known for discovering that the differences in antibodies’ amino acid make-up explain how efficient and effective they are at fighting off foreign elements.

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Dr Martha Chase

Conducted by Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey, the Hershey-Chase experiment earned the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1969—not for Chase, but for Hershey.

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